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rabbit polyclonal anti c5ar antibody  (Novus Biologicals)


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    Structured Review

    Novus Biologicals rabbit polyclonal anti c5ar antibody
    FIGURE 1. Sequence alignment of CXCR4 and <t>C5aR</t> with rhodopsin highlighting the most conserved residues and the known activation switches in GPCRs. Ballesteros and Weinstein nomenclature assigns X.50, to the “fingerprint residues” shown as white letters with black background in each transmembrane domain. Important transmembrane activation domains are shaded in gray. Conserved cysteine residues par- ticipatingindisulfidebondformationareshownwithgrayboxes.Residuesshownwithblackboxesindicatelack of complementary charged residues at 6.30 to support the ionic lock activation switch. Point mutation known to confer constitutive activity in CXCR4 is shown with white box. Residues shown as underlined have been subjected to mutagenesis for engineering C5aR. Residues marked with stars have been mutated to cysteine in other studies for engineering an extra disulfide bond between EC3 and N terminus of rhodopsin.
    Rabbit Polyclonal Anti C5ar Antibody, supplied by Novus Biologicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/rabbit+polyclonal+anti+c5ar+antibody/10__1074_slash_jbc__m110__129213-77-40-49?v=Novus+Biologicals
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    rabbit polyclonal anti c5ar antibody - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
    86/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function"

    Article Title: Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function

    Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry

    doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129213

    FIGURE 1. Sequence alignment of CXCR4 and C5aR with rhodopsin highlighting the most conserved residues and the known activation switches in GPCRs. Ballesteros and Weinstein nomenclature assigns X.50, to the “fingerprint residues” shown as white letters with black background in each transmembrane domain. Important transmembrane activation domains are shaded in gray. Conserved cysteine residues par- ticipatingindisulfidebondformationareshownwithgrayboxes.Residuesshownwithblackboxesindicatelack of complementary charged residues at 6.30 to support the ionic lock activation switch. Point mutation known to confer constitutive activity in CXCR4 is shown with white box. Residues shown as underlined have been subjected to mutagenesis for engineering C5aR. Residues marked with stars have been mutated to cysteine in other studies for engineering an extra disulfide bond between EC3 and N terminus of rhodopsin.
    Figure Legend Snippet: FIGURE 1. Sequence alignment of CXCR4 and C5aR with rhodopsin highlighting the most conserved residues and the known activation switches in GPCRs. Ballesteros and Weinstein nomenclature assigns X.50, to the “fingerprint residues” shown as white letters with black background in each transmembrane domain. Important transmembrane activation domains are shaded in gray. Conserved cysteine residues par- ticipatingindisulfidebondformationareshownwithgrayboxes.Residuesshownwithblackboxesindicatelack of complementary charged residues at 6.30 to support the ionic lock activation switch. Point mutation known to confer constitutive activity in CXCR4 is shown with white box. Residues shown as underlined have been subjected to mutagenesis for engineering C5aR. Residues marked with stars have been mutated to cysteine in other studies for engineering an extra disulfide bond between EC3 and N terminus of rhodopsin.

    Techniques Used: Sequencing, Activation Assay, Mutagenesis, Activity Assay

    FIGURE 3. Engineering C5aR to a chemokine-type receptor; signaling profile of mutant C5aR receptors, co-expressed with C5a in yeast. Left panel, canonical receptor topology for C5aR. The N119S mutation on TM3isanovelconstitutivelyactivemutantidentifiedforC5aRinthisstudy.Asp27,Ser30,andSer272,highlighted in white with black background, have been mutated to cysteine for engineering a possible extra disulfide linkage between the N terminus and EC3 loop of C5aR. Middle and right panel, respectively, illustrate the effect of S30C, S272C, S30C/S272C, and D27C, S272C, D27C/S272C on C5a-stimulated C5aR signaling. Vector repre- sents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transformants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.
    Figure Legend Snippet: FIGURE 3. Engineering C5aR to a chemokine-type receptor; signaling profile of mutant C5aR receptors, co-expressed with C5a in yeast. Left panel, canonical receptor topology for C5aR. The N119S mutation on TM3isanovelconstitutivelyactivemutantidentifiedforC5aRinthisstudy.Asp27,Ser30,andSer272,highlighted in white with black background, have been mutated to cysteine for engineering a possible extra disulfide linkage between the N terminus and EC3 loop of C5aR. Middle and right panel, respectively, illustrate the effect of S30C, S272C, S30C/S272C, and D27C, S272C, D27C/S272C on C5a-stimulated C5aR signaling. Vector repre- sents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transformants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.

    Techniques Used: Mutagenesis, Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay

    FIGURE 4. Signaling profile of wild type and mutant C5aR receptors, co- expressed with wild type and C27R C5a in yeast. The nonfunctional mutants, such as S272A and S272T, have not been tested with C27R C5a. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transformants, and data are repre- sentative of at least two independent experiments.
    Figure Legend Snippet: FIGURE 4. Signaling profile of wild type and mutant C5aR receptors, co- expressed with wild type and C27R C5a in yeast. The nonfunctional mutants, such as S272A and S272T, have not been tested with C27R C5a. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transformants, and data are repre- sentative of at least two independent experiments.

    Techniques Used: Mutagenesis, Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay

    FIGURE 5. Effect of point mutations on expression profile of C5aR in yeast as assessed by Western blot. 25 l of whole yeast lysates expressing the mutant or the wild type receptors were resolved on a 4–12% BisTris gel and detected as described under “Experimental Procedures.” The single and dou- ble asterisks, respectively, indicate the full-length and proteolytic fragments of the receptors. n/a, not applicable.
    Figure Legend Snippet: FIGURE 5. Effect of point mutations on expression profile of C5aR in yeast as assessed by Western blot. 25 l of whole yeast lysates expressing the mutant or the wild type receptors were resolved on a 4–12% BisTris gel and detected as described under “Experimental Procedures.” The single and dou- ble asterisks, respectively, indicate the full-length and proteolytic fragments of the receptors. n/a, not applicable.

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Western Blot, Mutagenesis

    FIGURE 6. Comparison of signaling profile of wild type, D282A, and S272A mutant C5aR receptors, co-expressed with C5a and metabolite C5a-des-Arg74 in yeast. C5a-des-Arg74 stimulates only 30% of the signal- ing in wild type C5aR compared with the signaling stimulated in response to C5a. D282A mutant displays reduced signaling in response to C5a consistent with other studies but displays near-maximal signaling in response to metab- olite C5a-des-Arg74. The nonfunctional mutant S272A neither responds to C5a nor to the metabolite C5a-des-Arg74. Vector represents the -galactosid- ase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three inde- pendent transformants, and data are representative of at least two indepen- dent experiments.
    Figure Legend Snippet: FIGURE 6. Comparison of signaling profile of wild type, D282A, and S272A mutant C5aR receptors, co-expressed with C5a and metabolite C5a-des-Arg74 in yeast. C5a-des-Arg74 stimulates only 30% of the signal- ing in wild type C5aR compared with the signaling stimulated in response to C5a. D282A mutant displays reduced signaling in response to C5a consistent with other studies but displays near-maximal signaling in response to metab- olite C5a-des-Arg74. The nonfunctional mutant S272A neither responds to C5a nor to the metabolite C5a-des-Arg74. Vector represents the -galactosid- ase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three inde- pendent transformants, and data are representative of at least two indepen- dent experiments.

    Techniques Used: Comparison, Mutagenesis, Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay

    FIGURE 8. Positional effect of N-terminal and EC3 cysteines on constitu- tive signaling profile of C5aR and their respective response to C5a, co- expressed in yeast. Left and right panels, respectively, illustrate the effect of S30C, S272C, S30C/S272C, and D27C, S272C, D27C/S272C on ligand-indepen- dent and -dependent signaling of constitutively active C5aR. The contrasting effect of S30C/S272C, D27C/S272C, and S272C on constitutive signaling of C5aR is noted in both panels. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transfor- mants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.
    Figure Legend Snippet: FIGURE 8. Positional effect of N-terminal and EC3 cysteines on constitu- tive signaling profile of C5aR and their respective response to C5a, co- expressed in yeast. Left and right panels, respectively, illustrate the effect of S30C, S272C, S30C/S272C, and D27C, S272C, D27C/S272C on ligand-indepen- dent and -dependent signaling of constitutively active C5aR. The contrasting effect of S30C/S272C, D27C/S272C, and S272C on constitutive signaling of C5aR is noted in both panels. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transfor- mants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.

    Techniques Used: Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay

    FIGURE 9. Probing the side chain effect at Ser272 of EC3 on constitutive signaling of C5aR in yeast. The constitutive signaling profile of S272T, S272A, and S272C mutants in the presence and absence of S30C at the N terminus of C5aR. Maximal signaling is noted for all the single and double mutants in response to C5a. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transfor- mants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.
    Figure Legend Snippet: FIGURE 9. Probing the side chain effect at Ser272 of EC3 on constitutive signaling of C5aR in yeast. The constitutive signaling profile of S272T, S272A, and S272C mutants in the presence and absence of S30C at the N terminus of C5aR. Maximal signaling is noted for all the single and double mutants in response to C5a. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transfor- mants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.

    Techniques Used: Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay

    FIGURE10.SignalingassaysinCOS-7cellsexpressingG16withwildtype or mutant receptors. Left and right panels, respectively, represent C5aR and CXCR4. The cells were stimulated with 10 nM C5a (C5aR) or 100 nM CXCL12 (CXCR4). IP3 accumulation values are normalized to the mock transfections, where each bar represents means S.D. of three independent experiments.
    Figure Legend Snippet: FIGURE10.SignalingassaysinCOS-7cellsexpressingG16withwildtype or mutant receptors. Left and right panels, respectively, represent C5aR and CXCR4. The cells were stimulated with 10 nM C5a (C5aR) or 100 nM CXCL12 (CXCR4). IP3 accumulation values are normalized to the mock transfections, where each bar represents means S.D. of three independent experiments.

    Techniques Used: Mutagenesis, Transfection

    FIGURE 11. Hypothetical molecular models of C5aR and illustration of conformational changes in EC3 due to disulfide linkage and receptor activation. Molecular models of wild type and engineered C5aR are pre- sented, respectively, in A and B. Asp27, Ser30, Asn119, and Ser272 that have been mutated for engineering the C5aR are highlighted in spheres. B, highlight of both the conserved and the engineered disulfide bond, respectively, between Cys109–Cys188 and Cys30–Cys272 in spheres, in con- text of other residues. Loop structures have been smoothed for clarity. C, structural alignment of EC3 of wild type (green loop with cyan helices, 1F88) and engineered rhodopsin (magenta loop with sand helices, Protein Data Bank code 2J4Y). Disulfide linkage between Asp282 of EC3 with Asn2 of the N terminus increases the EC3 loop length by straightening the TM7 by one helical loop. D, structural alignment of EC3 of rhodopsin (green loop with cyan helices, Protein Data Bank code 1F88) with EC3 of appar- ently active opsin (red loop with lime helices, Protein Data Bank code 3DQB). Major conformational changes noted in EC3 are associated with straightening of both TM6 and TM7 helices.
    Figure Legend Snippet: FIGURE 11. Hypothetical molecular models of C5aR and illustration of conformational changes in EC3 due to disulfide linkage and receptor activation. Molecular models of wild type and engineered C5aR are pre- sented, respectively, in A and B. Asp27, Ser30, Asn119, and Ser272 that have been mutated for engineering the C5aR are highlighted in spheres. B, highlight of both the conserved and the engineered disulfide bond, respectively, between Cys109–Cys188 and Cys30–Cys272 in spheres, in con- text of other residues. Loop structures have been smoothed for clarity. C, structural alignment of EC3 of wild type (green loop with cyan helices, 1F88) and engineered rhodopsin (magenta loop with sand helices, Protein Data Bank code 2J4Y). Disulfide linkage between Asp282 of EC3 with Asn2 of the N terminus increases the EC3 loop length by straightening the TM7 by one helical loop. D, structural alignment of EC3 of rhodopsin (green loop with cyan helices, Protein Data Bank code 1F88) with EC3 of appar- ently active opsin (red loop with lime helices, Protein Data Bank code 3DQB). Major conformational changes noted in EC3 are associated with straightening of both TM6 and TM7 helices.

    Techniques Used: Activation Assay



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    Wt C57BL/6 mice were injected i.p. with LPS/D-GalN and euthanized at 0, 1, 4 and 8 hours after the injection. (A–L) Immunohistochemical staining for C3, C3aR and <t>C5aR</t> in liver sections after the LPS/D-GalN injection. (M–N) The relative C3aR mRNA and C5aR mRNA expression levels were determined in live tissue at the indicated time points after the LPS/D-GalN injection. The mRNA expression was determined by relative quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The results are expressed as the means±SEM relative to GAPDH expression. (O) The serum concentrations of C3a at the indicated times after the LPS/D-GalN injection. ** and *** indicate p <0.01 and p <0.001, respectively. n = 6–7 per group. The original magnification for C3 of stained images: ×200; for C3aR and C5aR of stained images: ×800.
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    FIGURE 1. Sequence alignment of CXCR4 and <t>C5aR</t> with rhodopsin highlighting the most conserved residues and the known activation switches in GPCRs. Ballesteros and Weinstein nomenclature assigns X.50, to the “fingerprint residues” shown as white letters with black background in each transmembrane domain. Important transmembrane activation domains are shaded in gray. Conserved cysteine residues par- ticipatingindisulfidebondformationareshownwithgrayboxes.Residuesshownwithblackboxesindicatelack of complementary charged residues at 6.30 to support the ionic lock activation switch. Point mutation known to confer constitutive activity in CXCR4 is shown with white box. Residues shown as underlined have been subjected to mutagenesis for engineering C5aR. Residues marked with stars have been mutated to cysteine in other studies for engineering an extra disulfide bond between EC3 and N terminus of rhodopsin.
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    Image Search Results


    A. , Western blots demonstrating the level of C5aR-expression in gastric cancer cell lines. B and C. , growth assays using Cell Counting Kit-8 showing the growth of C5aR positive and negative gastric cancer cells following stimulating with rC5a. C5aR: C5a receptor, PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell, rC5a: recombinant C5a, GC: gastric cancer.

    Journal: Oncotarget

    Article Title: C5a receptor (CD88) promotes motility and invasiveness of gastric cancer by activating RhoA

    doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12656

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A. , Western blots demonstrating the level of C5aR-expression in gastric cancer cell lines. B and C. , growth assays using Cell Counting Kit-8 showing the growth of C5aR positive and negative gastric cancer cells following stimulating with rC5a. C5aR: C5a receptor, PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell, rC5a: recombinant C5a, GC: gastric cancer.

    Article Snippet: A rabbit polyclonal antibody against C5aR (CD88; sc-25774) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Texas, USA).

    Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Cell Counting, Recombinant

    A. , lower surfaces of an invasion membrane when MKN1 cells were assayed for invasion. B and C. , rC5a significantly enhanced the invasive ability of MKN1 and MKN7 cells. D. , rC5a did not enhance the invasive ability of AGS cells. E–H. , suppression of C5aR-expression using two kinds of siRNA significantly decreased the invasive ability of MKN1 and MKN7 cells. I and J. , W-54011, a C5aR-antagonist, significantly suppressed the invasive ability of MKN1 and MKN7 cells. C5aR, C5a receptor; rC5a, recombinant C5a; DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide; W-54011, C5aR-antagonist; *p<0.05; **p<0.01. NS, not significant.

    Journal: Oncotarget

    Article Title: C5a receptor (CD88) promotes motility and invasiveness of gastric cancer by activating RhoA

    doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12656

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A. , lower surfaces of an invasion membrane when MKN1 cells were assayed for invasion. B and C. , rC5a significantly enhanced the invasive ability of MKN1 and MKN7 cells. D. , rC5a did not enhance the invasive ability of AGS cells. E–H. , suppression of C5aR-expression using two kinds of siRNA significantly decreased the invasive ability of MKN1 and MKN7 cells. I and J. , W-54011, a C5aR-antagonist, significantly suppressed the invasive ability of MKN1 and MKN7 cells. C5aR, C5a receptor; rC5a, recombinant C5a; DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide; W-54011, C5aR-antagonist; *p<0.05; **p<0.01. NS, not significant.

    Article Snippet: A rabbit polyclonal antibody against C5aR (CD88; sc-25774) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Texas, USA).

    Techniques: Membrane, Expressing, Recombinant

    A. , Flow cytometry showed that C5aR proteins were overexpressed in the cellular membrane of NUGC3/C5aR cells. B. , rC5a significantly promotes the invasive ability of NUGC3/C5aR cells, but did not significantly promote the invasive ability of NUGC3/mock cells. C. , W-54011 significantly decreased the invasive ability of NUGC3/C5aR cells. D and E. , rC5a significantly promotes the mobility and the total distance of cell migration of NUGC3/C5aR cells but did not significantly promote the mobility of NUGC3/mock cells. F and G. , W-54011 significantly decreased the mobility of NUGC3/C5aR cells. C5aR, C5a receptor; rC5a, recombinant C5a; DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide; W-54011, C5aR-antagonist; **p<0.01. NS, not significant.

    Journal: Oncotarget

    Article Title: C5a receptor (CD88) promotes motility and invasiveness of gastric cancer by activating RhoA

    doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12656

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A. , Flow cytometry showed that C5aR proteins were overexpressed in the cellular membrane of NUGC3/C5aR cells. B. , rC5a significantly promotes the invasive ability of NUGC3/C5aR cells, but did not significantly promote the invasive ability of NUGC3/mock cells. C. , W-54011 significantly decreased the invasive ability of NUGC3/C5aR cells. D and E. , rC5a significantly promotes the mobility and the total distance of cell migration of NUGC3/C5aR cells but did not significantly promote the mobility of NUGC3/mock cells. F and G. , W-54011 significantly decreased the mobility of NUGC3/C5aR cells. C5aR, C5a receptor; rC5a, recombinant C5a; DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide; W-54011, C5aR-antagonist; **p<0.01. NS, not significant.

    Article Snippet: A rabbit polyclonal antibody against C5aR (CD88; sc-25774) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Texas, USA).

    Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Membrane, Migration, Recombinant

    A. , NUGC3/C5aR and NUGC3/mock cells were incubated with rC5a (10 nM) and fixed at the indicated times. F-actin was visualized by immunofluorescence staining with Alexa 488–conjugated phalloidin. Scale bars, 10 μm. Orange and yellow arrows and arrowheads indicate filopodia, stress fibers and membrane ruffling, respectively. B. , analysis of the activation of RhoA using a G-LISA on the lysates of NUGC3/C5aR and NUGC3/mock cells were extracted at the indicated times after rC5a treatment. C. , diagram of C5a-C5aR signaling via the RhoA pathway in gastric cancer cells. C5aR, C5a receptor; rC5a, recombinant C5a; GDP, guanosine diphosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; *p<0.05; **p<0.01. NS, not significant.

    Journal: Oncotarget

    Article Title: C5a receptor (CD88) promotes motility and invasiveness of gastric cancer by activating RhoA

    doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12656

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A. , NUGC3/C5aR and NUGC3/mock cells were incubated with rC5a (10 nM) and fixed at the indicated times. F-actin was visualized by immunofluorescence staining with Alexa 488–conjugated phalloidin. Scale bars, 10 μm. Orange and yellow arrows and arrowheads indicate filopodia, stress fibers and membrane ruffling, respectively. B. , analysis of the activation of RhoA using a G-LISA on the lysates of NUGC3/C5aR and NUGC3/mock cells were extracted at the indicated times after rC5a treatment. C. , diagram of C5a-C5aR signaling via the RhoA pathway in gastric cancer cells. C5aR, C5a receptor; rC5a, recombinant C5a; GDP, guanosine diphosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; *p<0.05; **p<0.01. NS, not significant.

    Article Snippet: A rabbit polyclonal antibody against C5aR (CD88; sc-25774) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Texas, USA).

    Techniques: Incubation, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Membrane, Activation Assay, Recombinant

    A. , gastric cancer tissues were immunohistochemically stained with anti-C5aR antibody. One-hundred cases were scored from 0 to 3 according to the extent of C5aR staining in the cancer area. Scale bar: 100μm. B. , Relapse-free survival curves for 86 patients who underwent a gastrectomy for gastric cancer (excluding stage IV patients), which were stratified by low- and high-expression of C5aR. C. , Overall survival curves for 100 patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer, which were stratified by low- and high-expression of C5aR. C5aR, C5a receptor; RFS, relapse-free survival; OS, overall survival.

    Journal: Oncotarget

    Article Title: C5a receptor (CD88) promotes motility and invasiveness of gastric cancer by activating RhoA

    doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12656

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A. , gastric cancer tissues were immunohistochemically stained with anti-C5aR antibody. One-hundred cases were scored from 0 to 3 according to the extent of C5aR staining in the cancer area. Scale bar: 100μm. B. , Relapse-free survival curves for 86 patients who underwent a gastrectomy for gastric cancer (excluding stage IV patients), which were stratified by low- and high-expression of C5aR. C. , Overall survival curves for 100 patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer, which were stratified by low- and high-expression of C5aR. C5aR, C5a receptor; RFS, relapse-free survival; OS, overall survival.

    Article Snippet: A rabbit polyclonal antibody against C5aR (CD88; sc-25774) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Texas, USA).

    Techniques: Staining, Expressing

    Analysis of clinical factors associated with  C5aR-expression  from 100 patients with gastric cancer

    Journal: Oncotarget

    Article Title: C5a receptor (CD88) promotes motility and invasiveness of gastric cancer by activating RhoA

    doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12656

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of clinical factors associated with C5aR-expression from 100 patients with gastric cancer

    Article Snippet: A rabbit polyclonal antibody against C5aR (CD88; sc-25774) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Texas, USA).

    Techniques:

    Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors associated with the overall survival of patients with gastric cancer

    Journal: Oncotarget

    Article Title: C5a receptor (CD88) promotes motility and invasiveness of gastric cancer by activating RhoA

    doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12656

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors associated with the overall survival of patients with gastric cancer

    Article Snippet: A rabbit polyclonal antibody against C5aR (CD88; sc-25774) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Texas, USA).

    Techniques:

    Wt C57BL/6 mice were injected i.p. with LPS/D-GalN and euthanized at 0, 1, 4 and 8 hours after the injection. (A–L) Immunohistochemical staining for C3, C3aR and C5aR in liver sections after the LPS/D-GalN injection. (M–N) The relative C3aR mRNA and C5aR mRNA expression levels were determined in live tissue at the indicated time points after the LPS/D-GalN injection. The mRNA expression was determined by relative quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The results are expressed as the means±SEM relative to GAPDH expression. (O) The serum concentrations of C3a at the indicated times after the LPS/D-GalN injection. ** and *** indicate p <0.01 and p <0.001, respectively. n = 6–7 per group. The original magnification for C3 of stained images: ×200; for C3aR and C5aR of stained images: ×800.

    Journal: PLoS ONE

    Article Title: Complement and the Alternative Pathway Play an Important Role in LPS/D-GalN-Induced Fulminant Hepatic Failure

    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026838

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Wt C57BL/6 mice were injected i.p. with LPS/D-GalN and euthanized at 0, 1, 4 and 8 hours after the injection. (A–L) Immunohistochemical staining for C3, C3aR and C5aR in liver sections after the LPS/D-GalN injection. (M–N) The relative C3aR mRNA and C5aR mRNA expression levels were determined in live tissue at the indicated time points after the LPS/D-GalN injection. The mRNA expression was determined by relative quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The results are expressed as the means±SEM relative to GAPDH expression. (O) The serum concentrations of C3a at the indicated times after the LPS/D-GalN injection. ** and *** indicate p <0.01 and p <0.001, respectively. n = 6–7 per group. The original magnification for C3 of stained images: ×200; for C3aR and C5aR of stained images: ×800.

    Article Snippet: The sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with rat anti-mouse C3mAb (1∶20 dilution, HyCult Biotechnology bv, Uden, Netherlands), rabbit anti-mouse C3aR polyclonal antibody(1∶50 dilution, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-mouse C5aR polyclonal antibody (1∶80 dilution, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and anti-C5b-9 polyclonal antibody (5 ug/ml, Calbiochem,SanDiego,CA).

    Techniques: Injection, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

    (A–F) C3aR antagonist group mice displayed reduced liver damage (A–B, D–E) and decreased C3 deposition (C, F) 8 hours after LPS/D-GalN injection. (G–H) C3aR mRNA expression decreased at 8 hours compared with that of the saline group, whereas C5aR mRNA expression decreased from 4 to 8 hours (n = 4–5). (I) The different response patterns of ALT concentration in the C3aR antagonist group mice and the wt mice (n = 4–5). (J–L) The concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in the C3aR antagonist mice were lower than in the saline group. There was a delayed increase in MCP-1 in the C3aR antagonist group (n = 4–5). (M) Treatment with the C3aR antagonist increased the survival rate of the mice after LPS/D-GalN injection (n = 8). *, **and *** indicate p <0.05, p <0.01 and p <0.001, respectively, relative to the saline group. The means±SEM are shown. Magnification of the H&E and immunohistochemically stained images: ×200. The results are representative of 3 separate experiments.

    Journal: PLoS ONE

    Article Title: Complement and the Alternative Pathway Play an Important Role in LPS/D-GalN-Induced Fulminant Hepatic Failure

    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026838

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–F) C3aR antagonist group mice displayed reduced liver damage (A–B, D–E) and decreased C3 deposition (C, F) 8 hours after LPS/D-GalN injection. (G–H) C3aR mRNA expression decreased at 8 hours compared with that of the saline group, whereas C5aR mRNA expression decreased from 4 to 8 hours (n = 4–5). (I) The different response patterns of ALT concentration in the C3aR antagonist group mice and the wt mice (n = 4–5). (J–L) The concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in the C3aR antagonist mice were lower than in the saline group. There was a delayed increase in MCP-1 in the C3aR antagonist group (n = 4–5). (M) Treatment with the C3aR antagonist increased the survival rate of the mice after LPS/D-GalN injection (n = 8). *, **and *** indicate p <0.05, p <0.01 and p <0.001, respectively, relative to the saline group. The means±SEM are shown. Magnification of the H&E and immunohistochemically stained images: ×200. The results are representative of 3 separate experiments.

    Article Snippet: The sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with rat anti-mouse C3mAb (1∶20 dilution, HyCult Biotechnology bv, Uden, Netherlands), rabbit anti-mouse C3aR polyclonal antibody(1∶50 dilution, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-mouse C5aR polyclonal antibody (1∶80 dilution, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and anti-C5b-9 polyclonal antibody (5 ug/ml, Calbiochem,SanDiego,CA).

    Techniques: Injection, Expressing, Saline, Concentration Assay, Staining

    (A–I) Both C5aRmAb and CR2-fH groups displayed reduced liver damage (A–B, D–E, G–H) and decreased C3 deposition (C, F, I) 8 hours after LPS/D-GalN injection. (J) The different response patterns of ALT concentration in the C3aR antagonist mice and the wt mice (n = 4–5). (J–K) Treatment with the C5aR antagonist or CR2-fH increased the survival rate of the mice after LPS/D-GalN injection (n = 8). ** and *** indicate p <0.01 and p <0.001, respectively, relative to the saline group. The means±SEM are shown. Magnification of the H&E and immunohistochemically stained images: ×200. The results are representative of 3 separate experiments.

    Journal: PLoS ONE

    Article Title: Complement and the Alternative Pathway Play an Important Role in LPS/D-GalN-Induced Fulminant Hepatic Failure

    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026838

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–I) Both C5aRmAb and CR2-fH groups displayed reduced liver damage (A–B, D–E, G–H) and decreased C3 deposition (C, F, I) 8 hours after LPS/D-GalN injection. (J) The different response patterns of ALT concentration in the C3aR antagonist mice and the wt mice (n = 4–5). (J–K) Treatment with the C5aR antagonist or CR2-fH increased the survival rate of the mice after LPS/D-GalN injection (n = 8). ** and *** indicate p <0.01 and p <0.001, respectively, relative to the saline group. The means±SEM are shown. Magnification of the H&E and immunohistochemically stained images: ×200. The results are representative of 3 separate experiments.

    Article Snippet: The sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with rat anti-mouse C3mAb (1∶20 dilution, HyCult Biotechnology bv, Uden, Netherlands), rabbit anti-mouse C3aR polyclonal antibody(1∶50 dilution, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-mouse C5aR polyclonal antibody (1∶80 dilution, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and anti-C5b-9 polyclonal antibody (5 ug/ml, Calbiochem,SanDiego,CA).

    Techniques: Injection, Concentration Assay, Saline, Staining

    FIGURE 1. Sequence alignment of CXCR4 and C5aR with rhodopsin highlighting the most conserved residues and the known activation switches in GPCRs. Ballesteros and Weinstein nomenclature assigns X.50, to the “fingerprint residues” shown as white letters with black background in each transmembrane domain. Important transmembrane activation domains are shaded in gray. Conserved cysteine residues par- ticipatingindisulfidebondformationareshownwithgrayboxes.Residuesshownwithblackboxesindicatelack of complementary charged residues at 6.30 to support the ionic lock activation switch. Point mutation known to confer constitutive activity in CXCR4 is shown with white box. Residues shown as underlined have been subjected to mutagenesis for engineering C5aR. Residues marked with stars have been mutated to cysteine in other studies for engineering an extra disulfide bond between EC3 and N terminus of rhodopsin.

    Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function

    doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129213

    Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 1. Sequence alignment of CXCR4 and C5aR with rhodopsin highlighting the most conserved residues and the known activation switches in GPCRs. Ballesteros and Weinstein nomenclature assigns X.50, to the “fingerprint residues” shown as white letters with black background in each transmembrane domain. Important transmembrane activation domains are shaded in gray. Conserved cysteine residues par- ticipatingindisulfidebondformationareshownwithgrayboxes.Residuesshownwithblackboxesindicatelack of complementary charged residues at 6.30 to support the ionic lock activation switch. Point mutation known to confer constitutive activity in CXCR4 is shown with white box. Residues shown as underlined have been subjected to mutagenesis for engineering C5aR. Residues marked with stars have been mutated to cysteine in other studies for engineering an extra disulfide bond between EC3 and N terminus of rhodopsin.

    Article Snippet: The emulsion was heated for 10 min at 50 °C, cooled on ice, and centrifuged for 5 min. 25 l of each supernatant was resolved on a NuPAGE Novex 4–12% BisTris gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and immunoblotted with a rabbit polyclonal anti-C5aR antibody raised against full-length endogenous C5aR (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO).

    Techniques: Sequencing, Activation Assay, Mutagenesis, Activity Assay

    FIGURE 3. Engineering C5aR to a chemokine-type receptor; signaling profile of mutant C5aR receptors, co-expressed with C5a in yeast. Left panel, canonical receptor topology for C5aR. The N119S mutation on TM3isanovelconstitutivelyactivemutantidentifiedforC5aRinthisstudy.Asp27,Ser30,andSer272,highlighted in white with black background, have been mutated to cysteine for engineering a possible extra disulfide linkage between the N terminus and EC3 loop of C5aR. Middle and right panel, respectively, illustrate the effect of S30C, S272C, S30C/S272C, and D27C, S272C, D27C/S272C on C5a-stimulated C5aR signaling. Vector repre- sents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transformants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.

    Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function

    doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129213

    Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 3. Engineering C5aR to a chemokine-type receptor; signaling profile of mutant C5aR receptors, co-expressed with C5a in yeast. Left panel, canonical receptor topology for C5aR. The N119S mutation on TM3isanovelconstitutivelyactivemutantidentifiedforC5aRinthisstudy.Asp27,Ser30,andSer272,highlighted in white with black background, have been mutated to cysteine for engineering a possible extra disulfide linkage between the N terminus and EC3 loop of C5aR. Middle and right panel, respectively, illustrate the effect of S30C, S272C, S30C/S272C, and D27C, S272C, D27C/S272C on C5a-stimulated C5aR signaling. Vector repre- sents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transformants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.

    Article Snippet: The emulsion was heated for 10 min at 50 °C, cooled on ice, and centrifuged for 5 min. 25 l of each supernatant was resolved on a NuPAGE Novex 4–12% BisTris gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and immunoblotted with a rabbit polyclonal anti-C5aR antibody raised against full-length endogenous C5aR (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO).

    Techniques: Mutagenesis, Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay

    FIGURE 4. Signaling profile of wild type and mutant C5aR receptors, co- expressed with wild type and C27R C5a in yeast. The nonfunctional mutants, such as S272A and S272T, have not been tested with C27R C5a. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transformants, and data are repre- sentative of at least two independent experiments.

    Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function

    doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129213

    Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 4. Signaling profile of wild type and mutant C5aR receptors, co- expressed with wild type and C27R C5a in yeast. The nonfunctional mutants, such as S272A and S272T, have not been tested with C27R C5a. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transformants, and data are repre- sentative of at least two independent experiments.

    Article Snippet: The emulsion was heated for 10 min at 50 °C, cooled on ice, and centrifuged for 5 min. 25 l of each supernatant was resolved on a NuPAGE Novex 4–12% BisTris gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and immunoblotted with a rabbit polyclonal anti-C5aR antibody raised against full-length endogenous C5aR (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO).

    Techniques: Mutagenesis, Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay

    FIGURE 5. Effect of point mutations on expression profile of C5aR in yeast as assessed by Western blot. 25 l of whole yeast lysates expressing the mutant or the wild type receptors were resolved on a 4–12% BisTris gel and detected as described under “Experimental Procedures.” The single and dou- ble asterisks, respectively, indicate the full-length and proteolytic fragments of the receptors. n/a, not applicable.

    Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function

    doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129213

    Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 5. Effect of point mutations on expression profile of C5aR in yeast as assessed by Western blot. 25 l of whole yeast lysates expressing the mutant or the wild type receptors were resolved on a 4–12% BisTris gel and detected as described under “Experimental Procedures.” The single and dou- ble asterisks, respectively, indicate the full-length and proteolytic fragments of the receptors. n/a, not applicable.

    Article Snippet: The emulsion was heated for 10 min at 50 °C, cooled on ice, and centrifuged for 5 min. 25 l of each supernatant was resolved on a NuPAGE Novex 4–12% BisTris gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and immunoblotted with a rabbit polyclonal anti-C5aR antibody raised against full-length endogenous C5aR (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO).

    Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Mutagenesis

    FIGURE 6. Comparison of signaling profile of wild type, D282A, and S272A mutant C5aR receptors, co-expressed with C5a and metabolite C5a-des-Arg74 in yeast. C5a-des-Arg74 stimulates only 30% of the signal- ing in wild type C5aR compared with the signaling stimulated in response to C5a. D282A mutant displays reduced signaling in response to C5a consistent with other studies but displays near-maximal signaling in response to metab- olite C5a-des-Arg74. The nonfunctional mutant S272A neither responds to C5a nor to the metabolite C5a-des-Arg74. Vector represents the -galactosid- ase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three inde- pendent transformants, and data are representative of at least two indepen- dent experiments.

    Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function

    doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129213

    Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 6. Comparison of signaling profile of wild type, D282A, and S272A mutant C5aR receptors, co-expressed with C5a and metabolite C5a-des-Arg74 in yeast. C5a-des-Arg74 stimulates only 30% of the signal- ing in wild type C5aR compared with the signaling stimulated in response to C5a. D282A mutant displays reduced signaling in response to C5a consistent with other studies but displays near-maximal signaling in response to metab- olite C5a-des-Arg74. The nonfunctional mutant S272A neither responds to C5a nor to the metabolite C5a-des-Arg74. Vector represents the -galactosid- ase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three inde- pendent transformants, and data are representative of at least two indepen- dent experiments.

    Article Snippet: The emulsion was heated for 10 min at 50 °C, cooled on ice, and centrifuged for 5 min. 25 l of each supernatant was resolved on a NuPAGE Novex 4–12% BisTris gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and immunoblotted with a rabbit polyclonal anti-C5aR antibody raised against full-length endogenous C5aR (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO).

    Techniques: Comparison, Mutagenesis, Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay

    FIGURE 8. Positional effect of N-terminal and EC3 cysteines on constitu- tive signaling profile of C5aR and their respective response to C5a, co- expressed in yeast. Left and right panels, respectively, illustrate the effect of S30C, S272C, S30C/S272C, and D27C, S272C, D27C/S272C on ligand-indepen- dent and -dependent signaling of constitutively active C5aR. The contrasting effect of S30C/S272C, D27C/S272C, and S272C on constitutive signaling of C5aR is noted in both panels. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transfor- mants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.

    Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function

    doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129213

    Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 8. Positional effect of N-terminal and EC3 cysteines on constitu- tive signaling profile of C5aR and their respective response to C5a, co- expressed in yeast. Left and right panels, respectively, illustrate the effect of S30C, S272C, S30C/S272C, and D27C, S272C, D27C/S272C on ligand-indepen- dent and -dependent signaling of constitutively active C5aR. The contrasting effect of S30C/S272C, D27C/S272C, and S272C on constitutive signaling of C5aR is noted in both panels. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transfor- mants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.

    Article Snippet: The emulsion was heated for 10 min at 50 °C, cooled on ice, and centrifuged for 5 min. 25 l of each supernatant was resolved on a NuPAGE Novex 4–12% BisTris gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and immunoblotted with a rabbit polyclonal anti-C5aR antibody raised against full-length endogenous C5aR (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO).

    Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay

    FIGURE 9. Probing the side chain effect at Ser272 of EC3 on constitutive signaling of C5aR in yeast. The constitutive signaling profile of S272T, S272A, and S272C mutants in the presence and absence of S30C at the N terminus of C5aR. Maximal signaling is noted for all the single and double mutants in response to C5a. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transfor- mants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.

    Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function

    doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129213

    Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 9. Probing the side chain effect at Ser272 of EC3 on constitutive signaling of C5aR in yeast. The constitutive signaling profile of S272T, S272A, and S272C mutants in the presence and absence of S30C at the N terminus of C5aR. Maximal signaling is noted for all the single and double mutants in response to C5a. Vector represents the -galactosidase activity of the engineered yeast in the absence of both receptor and ligand. Each bar represents means S.D. of signaling activity for three independent transfor- mants, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments.

    Article Snippet: The emulsion was heated for 10 min at 50 °C, cooled on ice, and centrifuged for 5 min. 25 l of each supernatant was resolved on a NuPAGE Novex 4–12% BisTris gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and immunoblotted with a rabbit polyclonal anti-C5aR antibody raised against full-length endogenous C5aR (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO).

    Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay

    FIGURE10.SignalingassaysinCOS-7cellsexpressingG16withwildtype or mutant receptors. Left and right panels, respectively, represent C5aR and CXCR4. The cells were stimulated with 10 nM C5a (C5aR) or 100 nM CXCL12 (CXCR4). IP3 accumulation values are normalized to the mock transfections, where each bar represents means S.D. of three independent experiments.

    Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function

    doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129213

    Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE10.SignalingassaysinCOS-7cellsexpressingG16withwildtype or mutant receptors. Left and right panels, respectively, represent C5aR and CXCR4. The cells were stimulated with 10 nM C5a (C5aR) or 100 nM CXCL12 (CXCR4). IP3 accumulation values are normalized to the mock transfections, where each bar represents means S.D. of three independent experiments.

    Article Snippet: The emulsion was heated for 10 min at 50 °C, cooled on ice, and centrifuged for 5 min. 25 l of each supernatant was resolved on a NuPAGE Novex 4–12% BisTris gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and immunoblotted with a rabbit polyclonal anti-C5aR antibody raised against full-length endogenous C5aR (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO).

    Techniques: Mutagenesis, Transfection

    FIGURE 11. Hypothetical molecular models of C5aR and illustration of conformational changes in EC3 due to disulfide linkage and receptor activation. Molecular models of wild type and engineered C5aR are pre- sented, respectively, in A and B. Asp27, Ser30, Asn119, and Ser272 that have been mutated for engineering the C5aR are highlighted in spheres. B, highlight of both the conserved and the engineered disulfide bond, respectively, between Cys109–Cys188 and Cys30–Cys272 in spheres, in con- text of other residues. Loop structures have been smoothed for clarity. C, structural alignment of EC3 of wild type (green loop with cyan helices, 1F88) and engineered rhodopsin (magenta loop with sand helices, Protein Data Bank code 2J4Y). Disulfide linkage between Asp282 of EC3 with Asn2 of the N terminus increases the EC3 loop length by straightening the TM7 by one helical loop. D, structural alignment of EC3 of rhodopsin (green loop with cyan helices, Protein Data Bank code 1F88) with EC3 of appar- ently active opsin (red loop with lime helices, Protein Data Bank code 3DQB). Major conformational changes noted in EC3 are associated with straightening of both TM6 and TM7 helices.

    Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function

    doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129213

    Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 11. Hypothetical molecular models of C5aR and illustration of conformational changes in EC3 due to disulfide linkage and receptor activation. Molecular models of wild type and engineered C5aR are pre- sented, respectively, in A and B. Asp27, Ser30, Asn119, and Ser272 that have been mutated for engineering the C5aR are highlighted in spheres. B, highlight of both the conserved and the engineered disulfide bond, respectively, between Cys109–Cys188 and Cys30–Cys272 in spheres, in con- text of other residues. Loop structures have been smoothed for clarity. C, structural alignment of EC3 of wild type (green loop with cyan helices, 1F88) and engineered rhodopsin (magenta loop with sand helices, Protein Data Bank code 2J4Y). Disulfide linkage between Asp282 of EC3 with Asn2 of the N terminus increases the EC3 loop length by straightening the TM7 by one helical loop. D, structural alignment of EC3 of rhodopsin (green loop with cyan helices, Protein Data Bank code 1F88) with EC3 of appar- ently active opsin (red loop with lime helices, Protein Data Bank code 3DQB). Major conformational changes noted in EC3 are associated with straightening of both TM6 and TM7 helices.

    Article Snippet: The emulsion was heated for 10 min at 50 °C, cooled on ice, and centrifuged for 5 min. 25 l of each supernatant was resolved on a NuPAGE Novex 4–12% BisTris gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and immunoblotted with a rabbit polyclonal anti-C5aR antibody raised against full-length endogenous C5aR (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO).

    Techniques: Activation Assay